"SENTENCE 7: Object case after preposition
Sentence 7: She fell over me.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [She] Predicate [fell over me.]
Sentence analysis: S:pronoun [She] P:verb[fell] P:prep [over] P:pro[me.]
Why is sentence 7 not *She fell over I? Because prepositions take the object case. Me can't be the object of fell, because we know that fall is an intransitive verb. In a sentence such as She sent him to me, him is the object of the verb send, and me is the object of the preposition to.
SENTENCE 8: Noun phrase
Sentence 8: The poor girl fell over the chair.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [The poor girl] Predicate [fell over the chair.]
Sentence analysis: S:noun phrase[The poor girl] P:verb[fell] P:prep[over] P:noun phrase [the chair.]
Noun phrase: a group of words made up of a noun and one or more words modifying or specifying it.
SENTENCE 9: Preposition phrase
Sentence 9: The poor girl fell over the chair.
Constiuents of a sentence: Subject [The poor girl] Predicate [fell over the chair.]
Sentence Analysis: S:noun phrase[The poor girl] P: v[fell] P:prep. phrase, prep[over]
P:prep.phrase, noun phrase [the chair.]
SENTENCE 10: Adverbial
Sentence 10: The poor girl fell over the chair.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [The poor girl] Predicate [fell over the chair.]
Sentence Analysis: S:noun phrase[The poor girl] P:verb[fell] P:adverbial[prep. phrase] [over the chair.]
A preposition phrase usually functions as an adverb and so is called an adverbial.
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sentence parts
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
The Simple Sentence and Its Parts 4, 5, 6,
"SENTENCE 4: The articles, modals, infinitive
Sentence 4: The little moggy can pounce rapidly.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [The little moggy] Predicate [can pounce rapidly.]
Sentence analysis: S: d.article [The] S:adj [little] S:noun [moggy] P: modal aux. verb [can] P: /main verb/ bare infinitive [pounce] P: adv. [rapidly.]
In sentence 4 we are introduced to the definite article, a modal auxiliary verb [shortened to modal aux., modal verb, even simply modal] and the infinitive.
SENTENCE 5: 'Be' as auxiliary verb, + -ing participle
Sentence 5: A new day was dawning.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [A new day] Predicate [was dawning.]
Sentence Analysis: S: indef.art.[A] S: adj.[new] S: noun [day] P:'be' as aux. verb [was] P: /main verb/ -ing participle [dawning.]
In sentence 5, the indefinite article a, and the verb be [in the form of was] in its function of primary auxiliary verb [two types of aux. verb: modal and primary]. The main verb takes the -ing form [pronounced '-ing'' or I-N-G] and may be called the -ing participle.
SENTENCE 6: Pronoun, preposition
Sentence 6: She left him in Yonkers.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [She] Predicate [left him in Yonkers.]
Sentence Analysis: S:pronoun[She] P:verb [left] P:/object/ pronoun [him] P:preposition [in] P:noun [Yonkers.]
In sentence 6, we are introduced to [personal] pronouns and prepositions. You may notice that personal pronouns are the only words in English that have a different form for subject and object, i.e. sentence 6 is not *She left he.
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sentence parts
Sentence 4: The little moggy can pounce rapidly.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [The little moggy] Predicate [can pounce rapidly.]
Sentence analysis: S: d.article [The] S:adj [little] S:noun [moggy] P: modal aux. verb [can] P: /main verb/ bare infinitive [pounce] P: adv. [rapidly.]
In sentence 4 we are introduced to the definite article, a modal auxiliary verb [shortened to modal aux., modal verb, even simply modal] and the infinitive.
SENTENCE 5: 'Be' as auxiliary verb, + -ing participle
Sentence 5: A new day was dawning.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [A new day] Predicate [was dawning.]
Sentence Analysis: S: indef.art.[A] S: adj.[new] S: noun [day] P:'be' as aux. verb [was] P: /main verb/ -ing participle [dawning.]
In sentence 5, the indefinite article a, and the verb be [in the form of was] in its function of primary auxiliary verb [two types of aux. verb: modal and primary]. The main verb takes the -ing form [pronounced '-ing'' or I-N-G] and may be called the -ing participle.
SENTENCE 6: Pronoun, preposition
Sentence 6: She left him in Yonkers.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [She] Predicate [left him in Yonkers.]
Sentence Analysis: S:pronoun[She] P:verb [left] P:/object/ pronoun [him] P:preposition [in] P:noun [Yonkers.]
In sentence 6, we are introduced to [personal] pronouns and prepositions. You may notice that personal pronouns are the only words in English that have a different form for subject and object, i.e. sentence 6 is not *She left he.
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sentence parts
The Simple Sentence and Its Parts 1, 2, 3,
Sentence - is a group of words that express a complete meaning makes a sentence. In order to have a meaning, two elements are necessary: a subject, a person or thing to speak about, and a predicate, something to say about the person or thing.
The term part of speech refers to the job that a word does in a sentence - to its function or use. Since there are eight separate jobs, words are divided into eight classes or eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.
The simple sentence and its parts
SENTENCE 1. Subject, verb, object
Sentence 1: Mary makes music.
Contituents of a sentence: Subject [Mary] Predicate [makes music]
Sentence Analysis: S:noun [Mary] P:verb [makes] P:object: noun [music]
Sentence 1 shows that a sentence must have two main branches: the subject and the predicate. The subject is usually the 'doer', or the person/thing described. The predicate means 'the rest of the sentence' to put it crudely but simply.
The verb conveys an action or state. The object is the person/thing at the receiving end of the action, hence music is the object of the verb makes.
Noun, verb, noun are the constituents called word classes or parts of speech. Words are classed according to their grammatical properties.
In every sentence there must be a finite verb, i.e. a verb with a tense. A verb can change its form to show tense, e.g. make; made. The verb in sentence 1 is in the present tense.
In sentence 1 the subject and object are nouns. They could be pronouns: She makes it.
SENTENCE 2: Subject, verb
Sentence 2: Mary fell.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [Mary] Predicate [fell]
Sentence Analysis: S:noun [Mary] P:verb [fell]
In sentence 2 there is no object. Mary didn't fall her body, etc. The verb to fall can't take an object; it is an intransitive verb. Other intransitive verbs are to cough, to hesitate, etc.
Verbs that must take an object are called transitive verbs. Other transitive verbs are to have, to afford, etc.
SENTENCE 3: Adjective, adverb
Sentence 3: Big dogs snore loudly.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [Big dogs] Predicate [snore loudly]
Sentence Analysis: S:adj [Big] S:noun [dogs] P:verb [snore] P:adverb [loudly]
Sentence 3 reminds us that adjectives mostly come before the noun, and adverbs of manner often follow the verb [or verb + object].
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The term part of speech refers to the job that a word does in a sentence - to its function or use. Since there are eight separate jobs, words are divided into eight classes or eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.
The simple sentence and its parts
SENTENCE 1. Subject, verb, object
Sentence 1: Mary makes music.
Contituents of a sentence: Subject [Mary] Predicate [makes music]
Sentence Analysis: S:noun [Mary] P:verb [makes] P:object: noun [music]
Sentence 1 shows that a sentence must have two main branches: the subject and the predicate. The subject is usually the 'doer', or the person/thing described. The predicate means 'the rest of the sentence' to put it crudely but simply.
The verb conveys an action or state. The object is the person/thing at the receiving end of the action, hence music is the object of the verb makes.
Noun, verb, noun are the constituents called word classes or parts of speech. Words are classed according to their grammatical properties.
In every sentence there must be a finite verb, i.e. a verb with a tense. A verb can change its form to show tense, e.g. make; made. The verb in sentence 1 is in the present tense.
In sentence 1 the subject and object are nouns. They could be pronouns: She makes it.
SENTENCE 2: Subject, verb
Sentence 2: Mary fell.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [Mary] Predicate [fell]
Sentence Analysis: S:noun [Mary] P:verb [fell]
In sentence 2 there is no object. Mary didn't fall her body, etc. The verb to fall can't take an object; it is an intransitive verb. Other intransitive verbs are to cough, to hesitate, etc.
Verbs that must take an object are called transitive verbs. Other transitive verbs are to have, to afford, etc.
SENTENCE 3: Adjective, adverb
Sentence 3: Big dogs snore loudly.
Constituents of a sentence: Subject [Big dogs] Predicate [snore loudly]
Sentence Analysis: S:adj [Big] S:noun [dogs] P:verb [snore] P:adverb [loudly]
Sentence 3 reminds us that adjectives mostly come before the noun, and adverbs of manner often follow the verb [or verb + object].
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Answers to Modals 1
1. come 2. have said 3. have taken 4. Would you [please] hand me that book? 5. Could I [please] borrow your wheelbarrow? 6. May I [please] have a cup of coffee? 7. closing 8. .... if I showed you.... 9. ....taking ..... 10. must not 11. must/have to 12. must/have to 13. ....did Tom have to...14. Did John have to ..... 15. ... don't have to..... 16. .... have had to .....17. ....has had to....
18. Don't you have to.... 19. .....had to ..... 20. .....doesn't have to.....
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18. Don't you have to.... 19. .....had to ..... 20. .....doesn't have to.....
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Friday, February 27, 2009
Modals 1
Verb forms with modal auxiliaries. [Directions: Choose the correct completion.]
1. Mary can ---------- to the meeting. [comes, to come, come]
2. The children should ----------"thank you" when you gave them their gifts. [has said, to have said, have said]
3. I can't find the grocery list. Gail must ---------- it with her when she went out. [has taken, to have taken, have taken]
Making polite requests. [Directions: Change the sentences into polite requests using the words in parentheses]]
4. I want you to hand me that book. [would]
5. I want to borrow your wheelbarrow. [could]
6. I want to have a cup of coffee. [may]
Using would you mind. [ Directions: Using the verb in parentheses, fill in the blank either with if I + past tense or with the -ing form of the verb, as appropriate]
7. A] It's cold in here. Would you mind [close] ---------- the window? B] Not at all. I'd be glad to.
8. A] This story you wrote is really good. Would you mind [show] ---------it to my English teacher? B] Go right ahead. That'd be fine
9. A] Would you mind [take] ---------- the book to the library for me? B] Not all
Answers:
1. come 2. have said 3. have taken 4. Would you [please] hand me that book? 5. Could I [please] borrow your wheelbarrow? 6. May I [please] have a cup of coffee? 7. closing 8. .... if I showed you.... 9. ....taking ..... 10. must not 11. must/have to 12. must/have to 13. ....did Tom have to...14. Did John have to ..... 15. ... don't have to..... 16. .... have had to .....17. ....has had to....18. Don't you have to.... 19. .....had to ..... 20. .....doesn't have to.....
Must [not] and [do not] have to. [Directions: Chooses the correct completion according to meaning.
10. Soldiers ---------- disobey a superior officer. [ must/have to, must not, don't have to]
11. To stay alive, people ----------breathe oxygen. [must/have to, must not, don't have to]
12. To be a successful mountain climber, you ----------have a great deal of stamina. [must/have to, must not, don't have to]
Verb form review. have to [Directions: Complete the sentences with any appropriate form of have to. Include any words in parentheses]
13. Why [Tom] ---------- leave work early yesterday?
14. [John] ----------- buy a round-trip ticket when he went to Egypt?
15. I [not] ----------water the garden later today. Joe has agreed to do it for me.
16. I ----------write three term papers since the beginning of the semester.
17. Matt is nearsighted. He ----------wear glasses ever since he was ten yours old.
18. [you, no] ----------return these books to library today? Aren't they due?
19. Last night Jack ----------go to a meeting. [you]
20. Joan travels to the Soviet Union frequently. Luckily, she speaks Russian, so she [not]-------
rely on an i nterpreter when she's there.
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Thursday, February 26, 2009
Basic Sentence Pattern 7
"Pattern 7: SVOA (Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial]
Mr. Jensen set the cup on the table.
For most of the sentence patterns we have previously listed, an adverbial may accompany the verb but is not required. But pattern 7 is listed here as its own pattern because of the obligatory nature of the adverbial element. In this regard it is like pattern 3 except that pattern 3 involved be or intransitive verbs whereas pattern 7 contains transitive ones.
The determination of whether an adverbial is required or not of course depends on the verb. With some verbs, such as set, leaving the adverbral out makes the sentence sound ungrammatical as in an utterance such as *'We set the book.'
With other verbs, the sentence does not sound ungrammatical, but the meaning of the verb is significantly changed without the accompanying adverbial.
For example, consider what happens to the meaning of the verb kept in the sentence 'We kept the smelly dog outside' if the adverbial outside is removed from the sentence. Without the adverbial it sounds as if the point of the sentence is that we kept the dog (as opposed perhaps to selling it).
But the meaning of the verb in a sentence containing the adverbial outside relates to how we maintain the dog.
With pattern 7 we complete the list of the basic sentence patterns in English.
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Mr. Jensen set the cup on the table.
For most of the sentence patterns we have previously listed, an adverbial may accompany the verb but is not required. But pattern 7 is listed here as its own pattern because of the obligatory nature of the adverbial element. In this regard it is like pattern 3 except that pattern 3 involved be or intransitive verbs whereas pattern 7 contains transitive ones.
The determination of whether an adverbial is required or not of course depends on the verb. With some verbs, such as set, leaving the adverbral out makes the sentence sound ungrammatical as in an utterance such as *'We set the book.'
With other verbs, the sentence does not sound ungrammatical, but the meaning of the verb is significantly changed without the accompanying adverbial.
For example, consider what happens to the meaning of the verb kept in the sentence 'We kept the smelly dog outside' if the adverbial outside is removed from the sentence. Without the adverbial it sounds as if the point of the sentence is that we kept the dog (as opposed perhaps to selling it).
But the meaning of the verb in a sentence containing the adverbial outside relates to how we maintain the dog.
With pattern 7 we complete the list of the basic sentence patterns in English.
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Basic Sentence Pattern 6
Pattern 6: SVOC (Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Objective Complement]
1] We considered Salvatore noteworthy. 2] The coach made their sister a manager.
Pattern 6 is much like pattern 2 except that in this case the complement describes or completes the direct object rather than the subject of the sentence. As with pattern 2, the complement may involve either an adjective or a noun (or pronoun).
Thus the adjective complement in the sentence "We considered Salvatore noteworthy" function like the predicate adjective complement in subpattern 2A ("The food is good').
And the noun complement in the sentence "The coach made their sister a manager" functions like the predicate nominative complement in subpattern 28 ("Our friend is a senator").
And even though the main verb of pattern 6, unlike the main verb of pattern 2, is a transitive rather than a linking verb, a linking verb is at least implied between the object and its complement.
This is suggested by the way many SVOC sentences,t hough not all, can be changed i n form to use a linking verb while preserving the same meaning. In the three sets o f sentences b elow, note how the SVOC sentence represented by each sentence A can be altered to render the B and C versions:
l. A. The voters elected him president. B. The voters elected him to be president.
2. A. He considered her brilliant. B. He considered her to be brilliant. C. He considered that she was brilliant.
3. A. I thought the caller you. B. I thought the caller to be you. C. I thought that the caller was you.
As pattern 6 is most commonly exemplified by an NP in the final position, we will restrict our attention to this form ofthe pattern. Pattern 6, like its predecessor pattern 5, has two NPs following the verb, as in the sentence "The basketball team chose Charlotte captain." But it differs from pattern 5 in three respects:
1. In pattern 6 the first of the two NPs is the direct object. In some sentences. If we eliminate the second NP, we are left with pattern 4, which contains only the direct object after the verb:
The basketball team chose Charlotte.
The second NP is called the objective complement, because it completes the direct object.
2. In pattern 6 both NPs following the verb have the same referent; that is, both Charlotte and captain refer to the same person.
3. In pattern 6, only the direct object can be made the subject of a passive verb. We can transform the pattern sentence into Charlotte was chosen captain but we cannot make the objective complement such a subject, for *Captain was chosen Charlotte makes no sense.
In the passive of pattern 6 the subject comes from the direct object of the active.
Example: Active: He appointed [DO]Ruth [OC]secretary. Passive: Ruth was appointed secretary.
Only a very small group of verbs can be used for pattern 6. Among them are name, choose, elect, appoint, designate, select, vote, make, declare, nominate
call, fancy, consider, imagine, think, believe, feel, keep, suppose, fnd, prove, label, judge.
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1] We considered Salvatore noteworthy. 2] The coach made their sister a manager.
Pattern 6 is much like pattern 2 except that in this case the complement describes or completes the direct object rather than the subject of the sentence. As with pattern 2, the complement may involve either an adjective or a noun (or pronoun).
Thus the adjective complement in the sentence "We considered Salvatore noteworthy" function like the predicate adjective complement in subpattern 2A ("The food is good').
And the noun complement in the sentence "The coach made their sister a manager" functions like the predicate nominative complement in subpattern 28 ("Our friend is a senator").
And even though the main verb of pattern 6, unlike the main verb of pattern 2, is a transitive rather than a linking verb, a linking verb is at least implied between the object and its complement.
This is suggested by the way many SVOC sentences,t hough not all, can be changed i n form to use a linking verb while preserving the same meaning. In the three sets o f sentences b elow, note how the SVOC sentence represented by each sentence A can be altered to render the B and C versions:
l. A. The voters elected him president. B. The voters elected him to be president.
2. A. He considered her brilliant. B. He considered her to be brilliant. C. He considered that she was brilliant.
3. A. I thought the caller you. B. I thought the caller to be you. C. I thought that the caller was you.
As pattern 6 is most commonly exemplified by an NP in the final position, we will restrict our attention to this form ofthe pattern. Pattern 6, like its predecessor pattern 5, has two NPs following the verb, as in the sentence "The basketball team chose Charlotte captain." But it differs from pattern 5 in three respects:
1. In pattern 6 the first of the two NPs is the direct object. In some sentences. If we eliminate the second NP, we are left with pattern 4, which contains only the direct object after the verb:
The basketball team chose Charlotte.
The second NP is called the objective complement, because it completes the direct object.
2. In pattern 6 both NPs following the verb have the same referent; that is, both Charlotte and captain refer to the same person.
3. In pattern 6, only the direct object can be made the subject of a passive verb. We can transform the pattern sentence into Charlotte was chosen captain but we cannot make the objective complement such a subject, for *Captain was chosen Charlotte makes no sense.
In the passive of pattern 6 the subject comes from the direct object of the active.
Example: Active: He appointed [DO]Ruth [OC]secretary. Passive: Ruth was appointed secretary.
Only a very small group of verbs can be used for pattern 6. Among them are name, choose, elect, appoint, designate, select, vote, make, declare, nominate
call, fancy, consider, imagine, think, believe, feel, keep, suppose, fnd, prove, label, judge.
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